湖区小麦-玉米轮作模式下不同施肥措施调控氮磷养分流失研究

针对我国南水北调东线过水区南四湖富营养化问题,利用沿湖流域典型种植模式——小麦-玉米轮作体系,选择材料易获取的几种施肥措施,采用田间原位安装淋溶水采集器和地表水径流池收集水样,室内分析不同处理防控氮磷养分流失的效果。结果表明:各施肥措施在作物不同茬口均能降低氮磷养分的随水流失,不同模式防控养分流失效果有差异;氮径流损失中,硝态氮占主要比例,玉米季和小麦季分别为82.7%~86.4%和94.2%~96.5%,而淋溶途径中硝态氮比例略有下降;径流为氮损失的主要途径,玉米茬口氮损失比例占轮作周年的67.0%~71.4%;磷径流损失中可溶性磷和颗粒磷比例相当,而淋溶磷以可溶性磷为主;淋溶途径损失的磷养分比例稍高,仍以玉米茬口总磷损失为主,占54.4%~63.1%;防控氮磷流失结合周年作物产量,玉米上使用减量控释氮肥或优化施肥配合秸秆还田、小麦上优化施肥或使用减量控释氮肥是相对理想的养分运筹搭配模式。     

玉米植株残体培肥土壤的研究

采用土培试验对玉米植株残体施人后土壤理化性质及有机质组成的变化进行了分析。结果表明，土壤加入玉米植株残体后，土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量提高，土壤的阳离子交换量增强，松结合态、联结合态和紧结合态腐殖质的含量增加，稳结合态腐殖质的相对含量下降，土壤中五碳糖和六碳糖的含量升高，土壤胶体活性变强。玉米秸秆和根茬对土壤的培肥作用存在差异。     

辽宁省水稻生产中硅肥施用技术的研究 Ⅱ水溶性硅肥偏硅酸钠的施用技术

田间试验结果表明,施用硅肥可明显提高水稻植株体内SiO2含量;除水浸态硅含量高于85mgkg-1的沈阳市苏家屯区的水稻土外,施用硅肥显著能够提高水稻的产量;根据硅肥用量和水稻产量的关系方程,结合施硅各处理水稻植株体内SiO2的含量,供试地区比较合理的硅肥施用量为200kghm-2;施用硅肥能够在一定程度上提高水稻籽粒中粗蛋白的含量。     

冬小麦根系对施肥深度的生物学响应研究

施肥深度对冬小麦根系分布及后期衰老影响的根管栽培试验结果表明,施肥深度可改变不同土体中小麦根重及根系活性,较深层次(50～100cm)施肥有利于小麦根长增加和下层土壤中根重及根系活性的提高,同时可增加旗叶叶面积和净光合率,并使小麦根系SOD和POD活性保持较高水平,抑制过氧化产物MDA的产生,延缓根系及旗叶衰老,明显提高小麦产量。施肥过深(150cm)虽能诱导根系下扎,但小麦总根重和产量却均有所下降。     

施肥对日光温室土壤微生物与酶活性变化的影响

在日光温室内,采用田间试验的方法,研究不同施肥处理对西红柿土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:施有机肥、化肥、有机肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加,施化肥 叶面肥处理比施化肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加;施有机肥处理土壤脲酶活性增强;施化肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性比施有机肥 叶面肥处理降低;施肥对蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响较小。施有机肥处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,施化肥处理土壤细菌数量降低,土壤真菌和放线菌数量增加。     

施肥条件下瘠薄红壤的生物化学性状变化

在中国科学院红壤生态开放实验站布置田间长期定位试验,研究施肥条件下瘠薄红壤的肥力恢复特征,本文报道土壤生物化学性状的变化。结果表明,年施有机物料4500~9000kg/hm2时,5年后不同瘠薄红壤的表土有机C含量可提高2.1~7.5g/kg,全N含量提高0.18~0.71g/kg;而单施化肥的处理土壤有机C含量平均仅提高2.0g/kg,全N含量提高0.22g/kg。在施用较高量有机肥的情况下(9000 kg/hm2),5年后表土有机C含量从原来的1.3~3.0g/kg提高到7.0~9.7g/kg,全N含量从原来的0.34 ~ 0.41g/kg提高到0.70 ~ 1.05g/kg,该值已接近一般旱地红壤的含量水平。积累量也因母质、利用方式、施肥量的不同而异。施用有机肥还明显增加大团聚体中有机C的含量和比例,提高土壤酶活性和微生物数量,对改善养分有效性和土壤有机质品质有显著作用。     

Simplified N fertilization strategies for winter wheat. Part 1: plants: compensation capacity of modern wheat varieties

ABSTRACT

Winter wheat in northwestern Europe is often fertilized with several doses of calcium-ammonium-nitrate (CAN). For economy, farmers fertilize using a combination of N-doses. Here, we examined the necessity of N splitting (1–3) and application timing in experiments conducted in 2010 using a one-factorial fully randomized block design, and in 2011–2012 using a two-factorial split-plot design (four replicates). The study site, in southwestern Germany, had silty loam soil, and modern cultivars (2010: one cultivar, 2011–2012: three cultivars) with different genetic abilities to develop the yield components of interest were tested. A late first or single N application at stage BBCH 29/31 did not lead to differences in grain yields or protein contents compared to three N applications. However, a single N application at stage BBCH 25/27 resulted in a reduced protein content. Yield component development did not significantly differ among the cultivars. Early N application increased plant density but not yield. In two years, low plant densities were compensated by higher numbers of kernels per spike. Hence, under the tested conditions, the number of N applications could be reduced, as the high compensation ability of modern cultivars allows N fertilization consisting of two or even one application.     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.     

Distribution of phosphatase activity and various bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of Hordeum vulgare L. depending on P availability

Despite the importance of the rhizosphere for nutrient turnover, little is known about the spatial patterns of organic phosphorus mineralization by plants and by microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the abundance of bacteria belonging to various bacterial phyla were investigated in the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as dependent on the availability of inorganic P. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with barley growing in inclined boxes that can be opened to the bottom side (rhizoboxes), and applied soil zymography and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Acid phosphatase activity was strongly associated with the root and was highest at the root tips. Due to P fertilization, acid phosphatase activity decreased in the bulk soil, and less strongly in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity, i.e., microbial phosphatase activity was high throughout the soil in the control treatment and was reduced due to inorganic P fertilization especially in the rhizosphere and less strongly in the bulk soil. P-fertilization slightly increased the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Moreover, P-fertilization decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundances of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. The total number of bacterial cells was significantly higher at the root surface than at the root tip and at a distance of 30 μm from the root surface. Our results show that alkaline phosphatase activity decreased more strongly in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil due to P fertilization, which might be because of greater C deficiency in the bulk soil compared to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results indicate a spatial separation between hotspots of acid phosphatase activity and hotspots of bacteria in the rhizosphere of H. vulgare. Taken together, our study shows that bacteria and phosphatase activity were very heterogeneously distributed in soil, and that the effects of P fertilization on phosphatase activity differed strongly between bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as between various zones of the rhizosphere.     

不同施氨水平对大棚辣椒产量·品质和经济效益的影响

针对当前蔬菜生产中肥料投入量过大的问题,通过田间试验研究不同氮肥施用量对设施辣椒产量、品质和经济效益的影响.结果表明,与不施用氮肥处理相比,施用氮肥处理平均增产率为54.9％.在各施氮处理中,N 450 kg/hm2处理辣椒果实产量和施肥效益最高,分别为22 560 kg./hm2和24.41万元/hm2;增加或减少30％氮肥施用量(N 585和315 kg/hm2),辣椒产量和经济效益均出现下降,但未达显著水平.随着氮肥用量的增加,辣椒VC含量逐渐降低;各处理还原糖含量间无显著差别.综合考虑辣椒产量、品质、经济效益和环境因素,315 kg/hm2是最佳氮肥用量.